python super()函数的用法与多重继承

super()函数可以用于继承父类的方法,语法如下:

    super(type[, object-or-type])

虽然super()函数的使用比较简单,但是需要根据单继承和多继承来分析函数的调用关系。

首先,当类之间的继承关系为单继承时,函数调用关系也比较简单,可以参考如下的例子:

#!/usr/bin/env python3

class A(object):
    def __init__(self):
        print(‘class A‘)

class B(A):
    def __init__(self):
        super(B, self).__init__()
        print(‘class B‘)

b = B()

上述代码运行结果如下:

class A
class B

从结果可以看出,子类B在实例化时调用了父类A的__init__()方法。

当进行多重继承时,需要考虑MRO的问题。所谓MRO,即Method Resolution Order,自Python2.3以来,MRO采用广度优先(区别于深度优先)的规则定义。为了更好的理解这个问题,让我们先来看如下的代码:

#!/usr/bin/env python3

class A(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.n = 10
    
    def minus(self, m):
        print(‘minus in class A start‘)
        self.n -= m
        print(‘minus in class A end‘)

class B(A):
    def __init__(self):
        self.n = 7

    def minus(self, m):
        print(‘minus in class B start‘)
        super(B, self).minus(m)
        self.n -= 2
        print(‘minus in class B end‘)

class C(A):
    def __init__(self):
        self.n = 12

    def minus(self, m):
        print(‘minus in class C start‘)
        super(C, self).minus(m)
        self.n -= 5
        print(‘minus in class C end‘)

class D(B,C):
    def __init__(self):
        self.n = 15

    def minus(self, m):
        print(‘minus in class D start‘)
        super(D, self).minus(m)
        self.n -= 2
        print(‘minus in class D end‘)

print(‘The MRO of class D is :‘)
print(D.__mro__)

d = D()
d.minus(2)
print(d.n)

代码运行结果:

The MRO of class D is :
(<class ‘__main__.D‘>, <class ‘__main__.B‘>, <class ‘__main__.C‘>, <class ‘__main__.A‘>, <class ‘object‘>)
minus in class D start
minus in class B start
minus in class C start
minus in class A start
minus in class A end
minus in class C end
minus in class B end
minus in class D end
4

从运行结果可以看出,子类D的MRO为(<class ‘__main__.D‘>, <class ‘__main__.B‘>, <class ‘__main__.C‘>, <class ‘__main__.A‘>, <class ‘object‘>),也就是子类D的minus函数在调用父类函数时的调用顺序依次为BCA,而后续的调试打印信息也正好验证了该顺序。

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