在 RHEL、CentOS 及 Fedora 上安装 Drupal 8

Drupal 是一个开源，灵活，高度可拓展和安全的内容管理系统Content Management System（CMS），使用户轻松的创建网站。

它可以使用模块拓展，使用户将内容管理转换为强大的数字解决方案。

Drupal 运行在诸如 Apache、IIS、Lighttpd、Cherokee、Nginx 的 Web 服务器上，后端数据库可以使用 MySQL、MongoDB、MariaDB、PostgreSQL、MSSQL Server。

在这篇文章中， 我们会展示在 RHEL 7/6、CentOS 7/6 和 Fedora 20-25 发行版上使用 LAMP 架构，如何手动安装和配置 Drupal 8。

Drupal 需求：

1. Apache 2.x （推荐）
2. PHP 5.5.9 或 更高 （推荐 PHP 5.5）
3. MySQL 5.5.3 或 MariaDB 5.5.20 与 PHP 数据对象（PDO） 支持

安装过程中，我使用 drupal.tecmint.com 作为网站主机名，IP 地址为 192.168.0.104。你的环境也许与这些设置不同，因此请适当做出更改。

步骤 1：安装 Apache Web 服务器

1、 首先我们从官方仓库开始安装 Apache Web 服务器。

1. <span class="com">#</span><span class="kwd">yum</span><span class="pln"> install httpd</span>

2、 安装完成后，服务开始是被禁用的，因此我们需要手动启动它，同时让它下次系统启动时自动启动，如下：

1. <span class="pun">-------------</span><span class="pun">通过</span><span class="typ">SystemD</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="typ">CentOS</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">RHEL </span><span class="lit">7</span><span class="pun">和</span><span class="typ">Fedora</span><span class="lit">22</span><span class="pun">+</span><span class="pun">-------------------</span>
2. <span class="com">#</span><span class="kwd">systemctl</span><span class="pln"> start httpd </span>
3. <span class="com">#</span><span class="kwd">systemctl</span><span class="pln"> enable httpd</span>
4. <span class="pun">-------------</span><span class="pun">通过</span><span class="typ">SysVInit</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="typ">CentOS</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">RHEL </span><span class="lit">6</span><span class="pun">和</span><span class="typ">Fedora</span><span class="pun">----------------------</span>
5. <span class="com">#</span><span class="pln"> service httpd start</span>
6. <span class="com">#</span><span class="pln"> chkconfig </span><span class="pun">--</span><span class="pln">level </span><span class="lit">35</span><span class="pln"> httpd on</span>

3、 接下来，为了允许通过 HTTP 和 HTTPS 访问 Apache 服务，我们必须打开 HTTPD 守护进程正在监听的 80 和 443 端口，如下所示：

1. <span class="pun">------------</span><span class="pun">通过</span><span class="typ">Firewalld</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="typ">CentOS</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">RHEL </span><span class="lit">7</span><span class="kwd">and</span><span class="typ">Fedora</span><span class="lit">22</span><span class="pun">+</span><span class="pun">-------------</span>
2. <span class="com">#</span><span class="pln"> firewall</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">cmd </span><span class="pun">--</span><span class="pln">permanent </span><span class="pun">--</span><span class="pln">zone</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="kwd">public</span><span class="pun">--</span><span class="pln">add</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">service</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln">http</span>
3. <span class="com">#</span><span class="pln"> firewall</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">cmd </span><span class="pun">--</span><span class="pln">permanent </span><span class="pun">--</span><span class="pln">zone</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="kwd">public</span><span class="pun">--</span><span class="pln">add</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">service</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln">https</span>
4. <span class="com">#</span><span class="pln"> firewall</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">cmd </span><span class="pun">--</span><span class="pln">reload</span>
5. <span class="pun">------------</span><span class="pun">通过</span><span class="typ">IPtables</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="typ">CentOS</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">RHEL </span><span class="lit">6</span><span class="kwd">and</span><span class="typ">Fedora</span><span class="lit">22</span><span class="pun">+</span><span class="pun">-------------</span>
6. <span class="com">#</span><span class="pln"> iptables </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">A INPUT </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">p tcp </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">m tcp </span><span class="pun">--</span><span class="pln">dport </span><span class="lit">80</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">j ACCEPT</span>
7. <span class="com">#</span><span class="pln"> iptables </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">A INPUT </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">p tcp </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">m tcp </span><span class="pun">--</span><span class="pln">dport </span><span class="lit">443</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">j ACCEPT</span>
8. <span class="com">#</span><span class="pln"> service iptables save</span>
9. <span class="com">#</span><span class="pln"> service iptables restart</span>

4、 现在验证 Apache 是否正常工作， 打开浏览器在地址栏中输入 http://server_IP， 输入你的服务器 IP 地址， 默认 Apache2 页面应出现，如下面截图所示：

Apache 默认页面

步骤 2： 安装 Apache PHP 支持

5、 接下来，安装 PHP 和 PHP 所需模块。

1. <span class="com">#</span><span class="kwd">yum</span><span class="pln"> install php php</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">mbstring php</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">gd php</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">xml php</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">pear php</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">fpm php</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">mysql php</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">pdo php</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">opcache</span>

重要: 假如你想要安装 PHP7， 你需要增加以下仓库：EPEL 和 Webtactic 才可以使用 yum 安装 PHP7.0：

1. <span class="pun">-------------</span><span class="typ">Install</span><span class="pln"> PHP </span><span class="lit">7</span><span class="kwd">in</span><span class="typ">CentOS</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">RHEL </span><span class="kwd">and</span><span class="typ">Fedora</span><span class="pun">-------------</span>
2. <span class="com">#</span><span class="pln"> rpm </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="typ">Uvh</span><span class="pln"> https</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="com">//dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/epel-release-latest-7.noarch.rpm</span>
3. <span class="com">#</span><span class="pln"> rpm </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="typ">Uvh</span><span class="pln"> https</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="com">//mirror.webtatic.com/yum/el7/webtatic-release.rpm</span>
4. <span class="com">#</span><span class="kwd">yum</span><span class="pln"> install php70w php70w</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">opcache php70w</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">mbstring php70w</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">gd php70w</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">xml php70w</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">pear php70w</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">fpm php70w</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">mysql php70w</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">pdo</span>

6、 接下来，要从浏览器得到关于 PHP 安装和配置完整信息，使用下面命令在 Apache 文档根目录 （/var/www/html） 创建一个 info.php 文件。

1. <span class="com">#</span><span class="kwd">echo</span><span class="str">"<?php phpinfo(); ?>"</span><span class="pun">></span><span class="str">/var/</span><span class="pln">www</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">html</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="kwd">info</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">php</span>

然后重启 HTTPD 服务器 ，在浏览器地址栏输入 http://server_IP/info.php。

1. <span class="com">#</span><span class="kwd">systemctl</span><span class="pln"> restart httpd</span>
2. <span class="pun">或</span>
3. <span class="com">#</span><span class="pln"> service httpd restart</span>

验证 PHP 信息

步骤 3: 安装和配置 MariaDB 数据库

7、 请知晓， Red Hat Enterprise Linux/CentOS 7.0 从支持 MySQL 转为了 MariaDB 作为默认数据库管理系统。

要安装 MariaDB 数据库， 你需要添加 官方 MariaDB 库 到 /etc/yum.repos.d/MariaDB.repo 中，如下所示。

1. <span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln">mariadb</span><span class="pun">]</span>
2. <span class="pln">name </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="typ">MariaDB</span>
3. <span class="pln">baseurl </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> http</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="com">//yum.mariadb.org/10.1/centos7-amd64</span>
4. <span class="pln">gpgkey</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln">https</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="com">//yum.mariadb.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-MariaDB</span>
5. <span class="pln">gpgcheck</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="lit">1</span>

当仓库文件准备好后，你可以像这样安装 MariaDB：

1. <span class="com">#</span><span class="kwd">yum</span><span class="pln"> install mariadb</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">server mariadb</span>

8、 当 MariaDB 数据库安装完成，启动数据库的守护进程，同时使它能够在下次启动后自动启动。

1. <span class="pun">-------------</span><span class="pun">通过</span><span class="typ">SystemD</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="typ">CentOS</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">RHEL </span><span class="lit">7</span><span class="kwd">and</span><span class="typ">Fedora</span><span class="lit">22</span><span class="pun">+</span><span class="pun">-------------</span>
2. <span class="com">#</span><span class="kwd">systemctl</span><span class="pln"> start mariadb</span>
3. <span class="com">#</span><span class="kwd">systemctl</span><span class="pln"> enable mariadb</span>
4. <span class="pun">-------------</span><span class="pun">通过</span><span class="typ">SysVInit</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="typ">CentOS</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">RHEL </span><span class="lit">6</span><span class="kwd">and</span><span class="typ">Fedora</span><span class="pun">-------------</span>
5. <span class="com">#</span><span class="pln"> service mysqld start</span>
6. <span class="com">#</span><span class="pln"> chkconfig </span><span class="pun">--</span><span class="pln">level </span><span class="lit">35</span><span class="pln"> mysqld on</span>

9、 然后运行 mysql_secure_installation 脚本去保护数据库（设置 root 密码， 禁用远程登录，移除测试数据库并移除匿名用户），如下所示：

1. <span class="com">#</span><span class="pln"> mysql_secure_installation</span>

MySQL 安全安装

步骤 4： 在 CentOS 中安装和配置 Drupal 8

10、 这里我们使用 wget 命令 下载最新版本 Drupal（例如 8.2.6），如果你没有安装 wget 和 gzip 包 ，请使用下面命令安装它们：

1. <span class="com">#</span><span class="kwd">yum</span><span class="pln"> install </span><span class="kwd">wget</span><span class="pln"> gzip</span>
2. <span class="com">#</span><span class="kwd">wget</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">c https</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="com">//ftp.drupal.org/files/projects/drupal-8.2.6.tar.gz</span>

11、 之后，解压 tar 文件 并移动 Drupal 目录到 Apache 文档根目录（/var/www/html）。

1. <span class="com">#</span><span class="kwd">tar</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">zxvf drupal</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">8.2</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="lit">6.tar</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">gz</span>
2. <span class="com">#</span><span class="kwd">mv</span><span class="pln"> drupal</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">8.2</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="lit">6</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="kwd">var</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">www</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">html</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">drupal</span>

12、 然后，依据 /var/www/html/drupal/sites/default 目录下的示例设置文件 default.settings.php，创建设置文件 settings.php，然后给 Drupal 站点目录设置适当权限，包括子目录和文件，如下所示：

1. <span class="com">#</span><span class="kwd">cd</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="kwd">var</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">www</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">html</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">drupal</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">sites</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="kwd">default</span><span class="pun">/</span>
2. <span class="com">#</span><span class="kwd">cp</span><span class="kwd">default</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">settings</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">php settings</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">php</span>
3. <span class="com">#</span><span class="kwd">chown</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">R apache</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln">apache </span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="kwd">var</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">www</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">html</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">drupal</span><span class="pun">/</span>

13、 更重要的是在 /var/www/html/drupal/sites/ 目录设置 SElinux 规则，如下:

1. <span class="com">#</span><span class="pln"> chcon </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">R </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">t </span><span class="typ">httpd_sys_content_rw_t</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="kwd">var</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">www</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">html</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">drupal</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">sites</span><span class="pun">/</span>

14、 现在我们必须为 Drupal 站点去创建一个用于管理的数据库和用户。

1. <span class="com">#</span><span class="pln"> mysql </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">u root </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">p</span>
2. <span class="typ">Enter</span><span class="pln"> password</span><span class="pun">:</span>
3. <span class="typ">MySQL</span><span class="typ">Shell</span>
4. <span class="typ">Welcome</span><span class="pln"> to the </span><span class="typ">MariaDB</span><span class="pln"> monitor</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">Commands</span><span class="kwd">end</span><span class="kwd">with</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="kwd">or</span><span class="pln"> \g</span><span class="pun">.</span>
5. <span class="typ">Your</span><span class="typ">MySQL</span><span class="pln"> connection </span><span class="kwd">id</span><span class="kwd">is</span><span class="lit">12</span>
6. <span class="typ">Server</span><span class="pln"> version</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">5.1</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="lit">73</span><span class="typ">Source</span><span class="pln"> distribution</span>
7. <span class="typ">Copyright</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">c</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="lit">2000</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="lit">2016</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="typ">Oracle</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="typ">MariaDB</span><span class="typ">Corporation</span><span class="typ">Ab</span><span class="kwd">and</span><span class="pln"> others</span><span class="pun">.</span>
8. <span class="typ">Type</span><span class="str">'help;'</span><span class="kwd">or</span><span class="str">'\h'</span><span class="kwd">for</span><span class="pln"> help</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">Type</span><span class="str">'\c'</span><span class="pln"> to </span><span class="kwd">clear</span><span class="pln"> the current input statement</span><span class="pun">.</span>
9. <span class="pun">**</span><span class="typ">MySQL</span><span class="pun">[(</span><span class="pln">none</span><span class="pun">)]></span><span class="pln"> create database drupal</span><span class="pun">;**</span>
10. <span class="typ">Query</span><span class="pln"> OK</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pln"> row affected </span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="lit">0.00</span><span class="pln"> sec</span><span class="pun">)</span>
11. <span class="pun">**</span><span class="typ">MySQL</span><span class="pun">[(</span><span class="pln">none</span><span class="pun">)]></span><span class="pln"> create user ravi@localhost identified by </span><span class="str">'tecmint123'</span><span class="pun">;**</span>
12. <span class="typ">Query</span><span class="pln"> OK</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pln"> rows affected </span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="lit">0.00</span><span class="pln"> sec</span><span class="pun">)</span>
13. <span class="pun">**</span><span class="typ">MySQL</span><span class="pun">[(</span><span class="pln">none</span><span class="pun">)]></span><span class="pln"> grant all on drupal</span><span class="pun">.*</span><span class="pln"> to ravi@localhost</span><span class="pun">;**</span>
14. <span class="typ">Query</span><span class="pln"> OK</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pln"> rows affected </span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="lit">0.00</span><span class="pln"> sec</span><span class="pun">)</span>
15. <span class="pun">**</span><span class="typ">MySQL</span><span class="pun">[(</span><span class="pln">none</span><span class="pun">)]></span><span class="pln"> flush privileges</span><span class="pun">;**</span>
16. <span class="typ">Query</span><span class="pln"> OK</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pln"> rows affected </span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="lit">0.00</span><span class="pln"> sec</span><span class="pun">)</span>
17. <span class="pun">**</span><span class="typ">MySQL</span><span class="pun">[(</span><span class="pln">none</span><span class="pun">)]></span><span class="kwd">exit</span><span class="pun">**</span>
18. <span class="typ">Bye</span>

15、 最后，打开地址: http://server_IP/drupal/ 开始网站的安装，选择你首选的安装语言然后点击保存以继续。

Drupal 安装语言

16、 下一步，选择安装配置文件，选择 Standard（标准），点击保存继续。

Drupal 安装配置文件

17、 在进行下一步之前查看并通过需求审查并启用 Clean URL。

验证 Drupal 需求

现在在你的 Apache 配置下启用 Clean URL 的 Drupal。

1. <span class="com">#</span><span class="kwd">vi</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">etc</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">httpd</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">conf</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">httpd</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">conf</span>

确保为默认根文档目录 /var/www/html 设置 AllowOverride All，如下图所示：

在 Drupal 中启用 Clean URL

18、 当你为 Drupal 启用 Clean URL，刷新页面从下面界面执行数据库配置，输入 Drupal 站点数据库名，数据库用户和数据库密码。

当填写完所有信息点击保存并继续。

Drupal 数据库配置

若上述设置正确，Drupal 站点安装应该完成了，如下图界面。

Drupal 安装

19、 接下来配置站点为下面的设置(使用适用你的情况的值):

• 站点名称  – TecMint Drupal Site
• 站点邮箱地址  – admin@tecmint.com
• 用户名  – admin
• 密码  – ##########
• 用户的邮箱地址  – admin@tecmint.com
• 默认国家  – India
• 默认时区  – UTC

设置适当的值后，点击保存并继续完成站点安装过程。

Drupal 站点配置

20、下图显示的是通过 LAMP 成功安装的 Drupal 8 站点。

Drupal 站点面板

现在你可以点击增加内容，创建示例网页内容。

选项: 有些人使用 MySQL 命令行管理数据库不舒服，可以从浏览器界面 安装 PHPMYAdmin 管理数据库

浏览 Drupal 文档 : https://www.drupal.org/docs/8

就这样！ 在这个文章， 我们展示了在 CentOS 7 上如何去下载、安装和使用基本配置来设置 LAMP 以及 Drupal 8。 欢迎就这个教程提供反馈，或提供给我们一些相关信息。

作者简介：

Aaron Kili 是 linux 和 F.O.S.S 爱好者，将成为 Linux 系统管理员，Web 开发者，目前是 TecMint 的原创作者，热爱计算机工作，并且坚信知识共享。

via: http://www.tecmint.com/install-drupal-in-centos-rhel-fedora/

作者：Aaron Kili 译者：imxieke 校对：jasminepeng

本文由 LCTT 原创编译，Linux中国 荣誉推出