Debian 10（Buster）安装后要做的前8件事
Debian 10 的代号是 Buster，它是来自 Debian 家族的最新 LTS 发布版本，并包含大量的特色功能。因此，如果你已经在你的电脑上安装了 Debian 10，并在思考接下来该做什么，那么，请继续阅读这篇文章直到结尾，因为我们为你提供在安装 Debian 10 后要做的前 8 件事。对于还没有安装 Debian 10 的人们，请阅读这篇指南 图解 Debian 10 (Buster) 安装步骤。 让我们继续这篇文章。
1) 安装和配置 sudo
在设置完成 Debian 10 后，你需要做的第一件事是安装 sudo 软件包，因为它能够使你获得管理员权限来安装你需要的软件包。为安装和配置 sudo，请使用下面的命令：
变成 root 用户，然后使用下面的命令安装 sudo 软件包，
<span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">su</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="typ">Password</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~#</span><span class="pln"> apt install </span><span class="kwd">sudo</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">y</span>
添加你的本地用户到 sudo 组，使用下面的 usermod 命令，
<span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~#</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">usermod</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">aG </span><span class="kwd">sudo</span><span class="pln"> pkumar</span><span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~#</span>
现在验证是否本地用户获得 sudo 权限：
<span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">id</span><span class="pln">uid</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="lit">1000</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">pkumar</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln"> gid</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="lit">1000</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">pkumar</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">groups</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="lit">1000</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">pkumar</span><span class="pun">),</span><span class="lit">27</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="kwd">sudo</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">sudo</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">vi</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">etc</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">hosts</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="kwd">sudo</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln"> password </span><span class="kwd">for</span><span class="pln"> pkumar</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$</span>
2) 校正日期和时间
在你成功配置 sudo 软件包后，接下来，你需要根据你的位置来校正日期和时间。为了校正日期和时间，
转到系统 设置 –> 详细说明 –> 日期和时间 ，然后更改为适合你的位置的时区。
一旦时区被更改，你可以看到时钟中的时间自动更改。
3) 应用所有更新
在 Debian 10 安装后，建议安装所有 Debian 10 软件包存储库中可用的更新，执行下面的 apt 命令：
<span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">sudo</span><span class="pln"> apt update</span><span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">sudo</span><span class="pln"> apt upgrade </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">y</span>
注意： 如果你是 vi 编辑器的忠实粉丝，那么使用下面的 apt 命令安装 vim：
<span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">sudo</span><span class="pln"> apt install </span><span class="kwd">vim</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">y</span>
4) 安装 Flash 播放器插件
默认情况下，Debian 10（Buster）存储库不包含 Flash 插件，因此，用户需要遵循下面的介绍来在他们的系统中查找和安装 flash 播放器。
为 Flash 播放器配置存储库：
<span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">echo</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"deb http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian buster main contrib"</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">sudo</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">tee</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">a </span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">etc</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">apt</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">sources</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="kwd">list</span><span class="pln">deb http</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="com">//ftp.de.debian.org/debian buster main contrib</span><span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span>
现在使用下面的命令更新软件包索引：
<span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">sudo</span><span class="pln"> apt update</span>
使用下面的 apt 命令安装 Flash 插件：
<span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">sudo</span><span class="pln"> apt install pepperflashplugin</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">nonfree </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">y</span>
一旦软件包被成功安装，接下来，尝试播放 YouTube 中的视频：
5) 安装软件，如 VLC、Skype、FileZilla 和截图工具
如此，现在我们已经启用 Flash 播放器，是时候在我们的 Debian 10 系统中安装所有其它的软件，如 VLC、Skype，Filezilla 和截图工具（flameshot）。
安装 VLC 多媒体播放器
为在你的系统中安装 VLC 播放器，使用下面的 apt 命令：
<span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">sudo</span><span class="pln"> apt install vlc </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">y</span>
在成功安装 VLC 播放器后，尝试播放你喜欢的视频。
安装 Skype
首先，下载最新的 Skype 软件包：
<span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">wget</span><span class="pln"> https</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="com">//go.skype.com/skypeforlinux-64.deb</span>
接下来，使用 apt 命令安装软件包：
<span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">sudo</span><span class="pln"> apt install </span><span class="pun">./</span><span class="pln">skypeforlinux</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">64.deb</span>
在成功安装 Skype 后，尝试访问它，并输入你的用户名和密码。
安装 Filezilla
为在你的系统中安装 Filezilla，使用下面的 apt 命令，
<span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">sudo</span><span class="pln"> apt install filezilla </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">y</span>
一旦 FileZilla 软件包被成功安装，尝试访问它。
安装截图工具（flameshot）
使用下面的命令来安装截图工具：flameshot，
<span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">sudo</span><span class="pln"> apt install flameshot </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">y</span>
注意： Shutter 工具在 Debian 10 中已被移除。
6) 启用和启动防火墙
总是建议启动防火墙来使你的网络安全。如果你希望在 Debian 10 中启用防火墙， UFW（简单的防火墙）是最好的控制防火墙的工具。UFW 在 Debian 存储库中可用，它非常容易安装，如下：
<span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">sudo</span><span class="pln"> apt install ufw</span>
在你安装 UFW 后，接下来的步骤是设置防火墙。因此，设置防火墙，通过拒绝端口来禁用所有的传入流量，并且只允许需要的端口传出，像 ssh、http 和 https。
<span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">sudo</span><span class="pln"> ufw </span><span class="kwd">default</span><span class="pln"> deny incoming</span><span class="typ">Default</span><span class="pln"> incoming policy changed to </span><span class="str">'deny'</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">be sure to update your rules accordingly</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">sudo</span><span class="pln"> ufw </span><span class="kwd">default</span><span class="pln"> allow outgoing</span><span class="typ">Default</span><span class="pln"> outgoing policy changed to </span><span class="str">'allow'</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">be sure to update your rules accordingly</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$</span>
允许 SSH 端口：
<span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">sudo</span><span class="pln"> ufw allow </span><span class="kwd">ssh</span><span class="typ">Rules</span><span class="pln"> updated</span><span class="typ">Rules</span><span class="pln"> updated </span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">v6</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$</span>
假使你在系统中已经安装 Web 服务器，那么使用下面的 ufw 命令来在防火墙中允许它们的端口：
<span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">sudo</span><span class="pln"> ufw allow </span><span class="lit">80</span><span class="typ">Rules</span><span class="pln"> updated</span><span class="typ">Rules</span><span class="pln"> updated </span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">v6</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">sudo</span><span class="pln"> ufw allow </span><span class="lit">443</span><span class="typ">Rules</span><span class="pln"> updated</span><span class="typ">Rules</span><span class="pln"> updated </span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">v6</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$</span>
最后，你可以使用下面的命令启用 UFW：
<span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">sudo</span><span class="pln"> ufw enable</span><span class="typ">Command</span><span class="pln"> may disrupt existing </span><span class="kwd">ssh</span><span class="pln"> connections</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">Proceed</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">with</span><span class="pln"> operation </span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">y</span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln">n</span><span class="pun">)?</span><span class="pln"> y</span><span class="typ">Firewall</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">is</span><span class="pln"> active </span><span class="kwd">and</span><span class="pln"> enabled on system startup</span><span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$</span>
假使你想检查你的防火墙的状态，你可以使用下面的命令检查它：
<span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">sudo</span><span class="pln"> ufw status</span>
7) 安装虚拟化软件（VirtualBox）
安装 Virtualbox 的第一步是将 Oracle VirtualBox 存储库的公钥导入到你的 Debian 10 系统：
<span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">wget</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">q https</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="com">//www.virtualbox.org/download/oracle_vbox_2016.asc -O- | sudo apt-key add -</span><span class="pln">OK</span><span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">wget</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">q https</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="com">//www.virtualbox.org/download/oracle_vbox.asc -O- | sudo apt-key add -</span><span class="pln">OK</span><span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$</span>
如果导入成功，你将看到一个 “OK” 显示信息。
接下来，你需要添加存储库到仓库列表：
<span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">sudo</span><span class="pln"> add</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">apt</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">repository </span><span class="str">"deb http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/debian buster contrib"</span><span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$</span>
最后，是时候在你的系统中安装 VirtualBox 6.0：
<span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">sudo</span><span class="pln"> apt update</span><span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">sudo</span><span class="pln"> apt install virtualbox</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">6.0</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">y</span>
一旦 VirtualBox 软件包被成功安装，尝试访问它，并开始创建虚拟机。
8) 安装最新的 AMD 驱动程序
最后，你也可以安装需要的附加 AMD 显卡驱动程序（如 ATI 专有驱动）和 Nvidia 图形驱动程序。为安装最新的 AMD 驱动程序，首先，我们需要修改 /etc/apt/sources.list 文件，在包含 main 和 contrib 的行中添加 non-free 单词，示例如下显示：
<span class="pln">root@linuxtechi</span><span class="pun">:~</span><span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">sudo</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">vi</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">etc</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">apt</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">sources</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="kwd">list</span>
<span class="pun">...</span><span class="pln">deb http</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="com">//deb.debian.org/debian/ buster main non-free contrib</span><span class="pln">deb</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">src http</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="com">//deb.debian.org/debian/ buster main non-free contrib</span><span class="pln">deb http</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="com">//security.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates main contrib non-free</span><span class="pln">deb</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">src http</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="com">//security.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates main contrib non-free</span><span class="pln">deb http</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="com">//ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ buster-updates main contrib non-free</span><span class="pun">...</span>
现在，使用下面的 apt 命令来在 Debian 10 系统中安装最新的 AMD 驱动程序。
相关推荐
菜鸟上路CCLinux 2020-11-04
xiaoemo0 2020-08-09
84931231 2020-07-30
82941732 2020-07-27
wh0 2020-07-27
taianxiaojia 2020-07-15
mattraynor 2020-06-25
82941732 2020-06-11
安得情怀似旧时 2020-06-08
libra0 2020-06-01
84931231 2020-05-06
Summer的小屋 2020-03-26
82941732 2020-03-10
82941732 2020-03-04
咏月东南 2020-02-25
zhongcanw 2020-02-22