类型转换运算符 运算符重载 operator new operator delete

一、类型转换运算符

必须是成员函数,不能是友元函数

没有参数

不能指定返回类型

函数原型:operator 类型名();

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#ifndef _INTEGER_H_

#define _INTEGER_H_

class Integer

{

public:

Integer(int n);

~Integer();

Integer &operator++();

//friend Integer& operator++(Integer& i);

Integer operator++(int n);

//friend Integer operator++(Integer& i, int n);

operator int();

void Display() const;

private:

int n_;

};

#endif // _INTEGER_H_

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#include "Integer.h"

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

Integer::Integer(int n) : n_(n)

{

}

Integer::~Integer()

{

}

Integer &Integer::operator ++()

{

//cout<<"Integer& Integer::operator ++()"<<endl;

++n_;

return *this;

}

//Integer& operator++(Integer& i)

//{

// //cout<<"Integer& operator++(Integer& i)"<<endl;

// ++i.n_;

// return i;

//}

Integer Integer::operator++(int n)

{

//cout<<"Integer& Integer::operator ++()"<<endl;

//n_++;

Integer tmp(n_);

n_++;

return tmp;

}

//Integer operator++(Integer& i, int n)

//{

// Integer tmp(i.n_);

// i.n_++;

// return tmp;

//}

Integer::operator int()

{

return n_;

}

void Integer::Display() const

{

cout << n_ << endl;

}

C++ Code

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#include "Integer.h"

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int add(int a, int b)

{

return a + b;

}

int main(void)

{

Integer n(100);

n = 200;

n.Display();

int sum = add(n, 100);

cout << sum << endl;

int x = n;

int y = static_cast<int>(n);

return 0;

}

其中n = 200; 是隐式将int 转换成Interger类;int x = n; 是调用operator int 将Interger 类转换成int,也可以使用static_cast 办到;此外add 函数传参时也会调用operator int 进行转换。

二、->运算符重载

类* operator->();

类& operator*();

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#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class DBHelper

{

public:

DBHelper()

{

cout << "DB ..." << endl;

}

~DBHelper()

{

cout << "~DB ..." << endl;

}

void Open()

{

cout << "Open ..." << endl;

}

void Close()

{

cout << "Close ..." << endl;

}

void Query()

{

cout << "Query ..." << endl;

}

};

class DB

{

public:

DB()

{

db_ = new DBHelper;

}

~DB()

{

delete db_;

}

DBHelper *operator->()

{

return db_;

}

DBHelper &operator*()

{

return *db_;

}

private:

DBHelper *db_;

};

int main(void)

{

DB db;

db->Open();

db->Query();

db->Close();

(*db).Open();

(*db).Query();

(*db).Close();

return 0;

}

db->Open(); 等价于 (db.operator->())->Open(); 会调用operator-> 返回DBHelper类的指针,调用DBHelper的成员函数Open()。这样使用的好处是不需要知道db 对象什么时候需要释放,当生存期结束时,会调用DB类的析构函数,里面delete db_; 故也会调用DBHelper类的析构函数。

(*db).Open(); 等价于(db.operator*()).Open();

三、operator new 和 operator delete

在前面曾经提过:实际上new 有三种用法,包括operator new、new operator、placement new,new operator 包含operator new,而placement new 则没有内存分配而是直接调用构造函数。下面看例子:

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#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Test

{

public:

Test(int n) : n_(n)

{

cout << "Test(int n) : n_(n)" << endl;

}

Test(const Test &other)

{

cout << "Test(const Test& other)" << endl;

}

~Test()

{

cout << "~Test()" << endl;

}

/****************************************************************/

void *operator new(size_t size)

{

cout << "void* operator new(size_t size)" << endl;

void *p = malloc(size);

return p;

}

void operator delete(void *p) //与下面的operator delete函数类似,共存的话优先;

{

//匹配上面的operator new 函数

cout << "void operator delete(void* p)" << endl;

free(p);

}

void operator delete(void *p, size_t size)

{

cout << "void operator delete(void* p, size_t size)" << endl;

free(p);

}

/**********************************************************************/

void *operator new(size_t size, const char *file, long line)

{

cout << " void* operator new(size_t size, const char* file, long line);" << endl;

cout << file << ":" << line << endl;

void *p = malloc(size);

return p;

}

void operator delete(void *p, const char *file, long line)

{

cout << " void operator delete(void* p, const char* file, long line);" << endl;

cout << file << ":" << line << endl;

free(p);

}

void operator delete(void *p, size_t size, const char *file, long line)

{

cout << "void operator delete(void* p, size_t size, const char* file, long line);" << endl;

cout << file << ":" << line << endl;

free(p);

}

/**************************************************************************/

void *operator new(size_t size, void *p)

{

cout << "void* operator new(size_t size, void* p);" << endl;

return p;

}

void operator delete(void *, void *)

{

cout << "void operator delete(void *, void *);" << endl;

}

/**************************************************************************/

int n_;

};

/*************** global **********************************************/

void *operator new(size_t size)

{

cout << "global void* operator new(size_t size)" << endl;

void *p = malloc(size);

return p;

}

void operator delete(void *p)

{

cout << "global void operator delete(void* p)" << endl;

free(p);

}

/**********************************************************************/

void *operator new[](size_t size)

{

cout << "global void* operator new[](size_t size)" << endl;

void *p = malloc(size);

return p;

}

void operator delete[](void *p)

{

cout << "global void operator delete[](void* p)" << endl;

free(p);

}

/***********************************************************************/

int main(void)

{

Test *p1 = new Test(100); // new operator = operator new + 构造函数的调用

delete p1;

char *str1 = new char;

delete str1;

char *str2 = new char[100];

delete[] str2;

char chunk[10];

Test *p2 = new (chunk) Test(200); //operator new(size_t, void *_Where)

// placement new,不分配内存 + 构造函数的调用

cout << p2->n_ << endl;

p2->~Test(); // 显式调用析构函数

//Test* p3 = (Test*)chunk;

Test *p3 = reinterpret_cast<Test *>(chunk);

cout << p3->n_ << endl;

#define new new(__FILE__, __LINE__)

//Test* p4 = new(__FILE__, __LINE__) Test(300);

Test *p4 = new Test(300);

delete p4;

return 0;

}

类型转换运算符 运算符重载 operator new operator delete

从输出可以看出几点:

1、new operator 是分配内存(调用operator new) + 调用构造函数

2、operator new 是只分配内存,不调用构造函数

3、placement new 是不分配内存(调用operator new(与2是不同的函数) 返回已分配的内存地址),调用构造函数

4、delete 是先调用析构函数,再调用operator delete.

5、如果new 的是数组,对应地也需要delete [] 释放

注意:

1、如果存在继承或者对象成员,那么调用构造函数或者析构函数时将有多个,按一定顺序调用,参见这里。

2、假设存在继承,delete 基类指针;涉及到虚析构函数的问题,参见这里。

最后还存在一点疑问的是 delete p4 为什么调用的不是 void operator delete(void* p, const char* file, long line); 而是

void operator delete(void* p) ; 希望有明白的朋友告诉我一声。

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